Review of Panegyric Poems by Hafez
taimur
malmir
استاد دانشگاه کردستان
author
text
article
2012
per
Panegyric poems are one of the controversial issues about ghazalscomposed by Hafez. Some researchers deny that Hafez has said such poems and believe that scribes have added the said poems to his work. Some others reinterpret and justify panegyricghazals and verses by Hafez, so as to maintain his sacredness. A look into the views held by researchers and matching them with ghazals by Hafez shows that there are two main reasons for denying or justifying his panegyric poems:believing in lack of coherence in the structure of the ghazals and inattentiveness to the secondary meaning of verses, in a way that they consider each verse independent from others and believe that the real sense of words in each verse is meant by Hafez. Since there are only a few ghazals which are praise-centered from the beginning and others are accompanied by a plan or introduction such as serenades, panegyricghazals by Hafez are divided in this paper into two groups of arranged and planned ghazals and unarranged and unplanned ones. The secondary meanings of sentences too are categorized under each group. In conclusion, the secondary meanings of sentences and their coordination with the general structure of ghazals indicate that panegyricghazals by Hafez have a systematic structure. Not only does presence of such poems in his Divān devalues the greatness and dignity of Hafez, but also provides a better understanding of his smartness.
Literary Text Research
Allameh Tabataba’i University
2251-7138
16
v.
51
no.
2012
9
32
https://ltr.atu.ac.ir/article_6569_3582e253547564c005935b69b08107fb.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22054/ltr.2012.6569
Display of Characters (Dramatic Characterization) in Savushun
ebrahim
mohamadi
استادیار دانشگاه بیرجند
author
text
article
2012
per
Savushun written by Simin Daneshvar is one of the novels in which the presence of character is outstanding and characterization, especially dramatic characterization is used to strengthen its structure. Characterization can be based on report or drama. Report-based characterization is accomplished through direct description and dramatic one can be achieved by special techniques (dialogue, action, setting, name, tone to name a few). Applying each of these techniques can increase the beauty of work and help to understand internal meanings and characters. In report characterization, the author directly describes spiritual, behavioral and apparent qualities and traits of the character, whereas in dramatic way, he/she simply makes the character act and speak, and allows the reader infer the hidden motivations and traits of the character. In fact he/she just puts the acts and speeches on display. Both report-based and dramatic techniques have been used in Savushun, but report-based characterization is more applied in this novel. It is worth mentioning that from among report-based characterization techniques, dialogue and clever choice of characters’ names have helped a lot in creating the characters of Savushun.
Literary Text Research
Allameh Tabataba’i University
2251-7138
16
v.
51
no.
2012
33
52
https://ltr.atu.ac.ir/article_6570_d3c5078d1b69b33ab9297effae19551d.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22054/ltr.2012.6570
Rhetorical Criticism of Ferdowsi’s Shāhnāmeh from Semantics Perspective
dariush
zulfaghari
استادیار پژوهشگاه میراث فرهنگی
author
text
article
2012
per
The basis of semantics is how the words fit the context and its elements are syntactic structures. The literary masterpieces in each language can be a great source for investigation into semantics. The present paper aims at a semantic-based investigation into Shāhnāmeh written by Ferdowsi as one of the important masterpieces in Persian literature, so as to discover some of the rhetorical mysteries of Persian language. The issue discussed in this paper is that in order to discover and describe the principles of and criteria for beauty of Persian literature masterpieces from a rhetorical viewpoint, it is essential to study such texts in an inductive way. The theory presented byAbd al-Qaher Jurjani, the greatest theorist of rhetoric in Iran and Islamic world, is the basis of this paper. He believes that rhetorical influence is achieved by using syntactic structures of a language and calls his theory semantics of syntax. Considering the theory of this scholar, some branches of linguistics such as discourse analysis, pragmatics, Grice and Halliday theories, as well as some literary schools like formalism, this paper attempts to show that many beauties of Shāhnāmeh depend on its syntactic techniques which should be discussed in semantics. It is concluded that in order to interpret Persian literary texts using semantics, one cannot solely rely on the traditional basics of this science and the theory presented by Abd al-Qaher Jurjani should also be used. Considering lack of traditional rhetorical studies in discovery of rhetorical techniques, it is essential to find out the basics of semantics in Persian literature by investigating into Persian literary masterpieces.
Literary Text Research
Allameh Tabataba’i University
2251-7138
16
v.
51
no.
2012
53
74
https://ltr.atu.ac.ir/article_6571_641662cd4cb09eb2d59e62fa8409077d.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22054/ltr.2012.6571
Narratology of Marzbān-NāmehAnecdotes in Three Levels of Story, Discourse, and Narration with Emphasis on the Anecdote Called Dādmeh and Dāstān
bahram
khoshnudi
استادیار دانشگاه آزاد آستارا
author
text
article
2012
per
The present study investigates into anecdotes in Marzban-Nameh from the view of structuralist narratology and aims at showing the elements which have a role in formation of a narrative text and how Marzban-Namehanecdotes have a narrative structure. Three levels of a narrative text, namely story, discourse and narration are introduced and the components forming such texts are pointed out. After investigating such elements and components in the anecdote called Dādmeh and Dāstān, it is concluded that the anecdotes in Marzban-Namehhave three levels of plot, subplot, and metaplot. The plot and subplot have thematically related functions and can be interpreted in one parallel sentence.Dialogue is used in representation of sayings and thoughts of characters and narrator, and the most vocal frequency belongs to characters. All in all, anecdotes in Marzban-Namehare comparable to elements of structural narratology. Thus, one similar narrative structure can be imagined for all the said anecdotes.
Literary Text Research
Allameh Tabataba’i University
2251-7138
16
v.
51
no.
2012
75
96
https://ltr.atu.ac.ir/article_6572_b79d86540355e423fa02289ae88bdd53.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22054/ltr.2012.6572
Archaism in Shamloo’s Poetry
ahmad
khatami
استاد دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
author
text
article
2012
per
Language is an important element of poetry. In Russian formalism and structuralism, investigating into language is of great significance. The basis of these schools is mostly related to the prominence of literary texts and their distance from ordinary language use. An important way to make literary texts distinguished from others is violation of norms, among which archaism can be used to create beauty in a literary work. If a poet or writer takes an archaic approach in his/her language, his/her work is called archaic. Ahmad Shamloo is among the contemporary poets who has used archaism as the basis of his poetry. He pays attention to old texts as a great linguistic source for making his poetry outstanding. This paper aims at investigating into the archaic aspects of Shamloo poems using formalism and structuralism.
Literary Text Research
Allameh Tabataba’i University
2251-7138
16
v.
51
no.
2012
97
130
https://ltr.atu.ac.ir/article_6573_dda095b0240a99b2355191bbd0de3011.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22054/ltr.2012.6573
Humor in Love Poems by Hafez
ahmad
hashemi
دانشجوی دانشگاه ازاد واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران
author
text
article
2012
per
The present study introduces some artistic delicacies and techniques used by Hafez in creation of love humor. With a different view towards humor, this paper considers Hafez poems as one of the most serious, effective, and artistic works and attempts to discuss smart techniques used by Hafez. It also analyzes the factors influencing the humor in his work. It is concluded that humor is one of the most significant concerns in language and mind of Hafez in creation of love atmospheres and are used in a very mystic and complicated way.
Literary Text Research
Allameh Tabataba’i University
2251-7138
16
v.
51
no.
2012
131
162
https://ltr.atu.ac.ir/article_6574_348a11ae01b17751ddd965dfc82dd946.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22054/ltr.2012.6574
Comparison between Alināmeh and Shāhnāmeh
hasan
haidari
استادیار دانشگاه اراک
author
text
article
2012
per
Alināmeh poetry book is the first religious epic written in Persian. Though Alināmeh is based on historical events, its author has selectively chosen the events and told the story of Jamal and Saffeyn wars in form of poetry by imitating Shāhnāmeh and mixing the truth and imagination. Both the epical language and imaginative form are imitated, but the author made some changes in the patterns used in Shāhnāmeh and made them suitable for a religious epic. Structural similarities between the two epics are belief in destiny, the array of troops, and fighting methods. As for differences, one can say that the roles are changed; the fortune-teller is changed from an astronomer to Imam or the epical hero; Demon is replaced with Satan, and also the type of exaggeration is changed. Moreover, impartiality can be observed in Shāhnāmeh as a national epic, while in the religious one which is Alināmeh, the author is partial. Alināmeh is a mixture of story, epic and history just like Shāhnāmeh.
Literary Text Research
Allameh Tabataba’i University
2251-7138
16
v.
51
no.
2012
163
182
https://ltr.atu.ac.ir/article_6575_8ede2fef75c871f8157cbd42b20723cd.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22054/ltr.2012.6575